# IOT Concept | IOT (Internet of things)

Published: 2024-08-02 · By Next-G Classes · Source: https://nextgclasses.com/blog/iot-concept-iot-internet-of-things

<h3><strong>IOT is defined as a collective network of connected devices. </strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Ex: smart watch, smart freeze, smart fans, smart bulbs</li>
<li>Internet official birthday: 1<sup>st</sup> jan 1983</li>
<li>Internet started in India: 15 Aug 1995</li>
<li>IOT Introduced year: 1999</li>
<li>IOT Introduced by: Kevin Asthon</li>
<li>FIRST IOT Device: Toaster</li>
<li>Who Introduced first IOT Device : John Romkey (1990)</li>
</ul>
<h3><strong>IOT Protocols (Main 5 Protocols)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong></h3>
<p><strong>There are 19 protocols but most popular man 5 protocols are:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>MQTT =Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol</li>
<li>HTTP = Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</li>
<li>CoAP = Constrained Application Protocol</li>
<li>DDS = Data Distribution Services</li>
<li>AMQP =Advance Message Queuing Protocol</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>IOT Layers (4) = Protocol =19</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Physical Layer =&nbsp; 9 Protocols</li>
<li>Data Link Layer =&nbsp; 2 Protocols</li>
<li>Network Layer=&nbsp; 2 Protocols</li>
<li>Transport Layer=&nbsp; 2 Protocols</li>
<li>Application Layer=&nbsp; 4 Protocols</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Physical layer and data link layer are treated as one layer. So it&rsquo;s treated as one layer</strong></p>
<p><strong>MQTT</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol</li>
<li>Communication: Machine to Machine</li>
<li>Developed By: IBM</li>
<li>Use: Collect data and send to network</li>
<li>The default unencrypted MQTT port is =1883</li>
<li>The encrypted MQTT port is 8883</li>
</ul>
<p>MQTT also known as Public Subscribe Protocol</p>
<p><strong>4 stages of MQTT</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Connection</li>
<li>Authentication</li>
<li>&nbsp;Communication</li>
<li>&nbsp; Termination</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>IOT Layers= Based Protocol</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><strong>Physical Layer =9 Protocols</strong><ol>
<li>Bluetooth low energy (BLE)</li>
<li>Ethernet</li>
<li>Long term evolution (lte)</li>
<li>Near field communication (NFC)</li>
<li>Power Line Communication (PLC)</li>
<li>Radio Frequency identification (rfid)</li>
<li>Wi-fi/802.11</li>
<li>Z-WAVE</li>
<li>Zigbee</li>
</ol></li>
</ol><ol>
<li><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><strong>Data Link layer =2 protocols</strong><ol>
<li>IEEE 802.15.4 =LR-WPAN (Low &ndash;rate wireless area network)</li>
<li>LPWAN : LOW POWER WIDE AREA NETWORKS</li>
</ol></li>
<li><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><strong>Network Layer </strong>
<ul>
<li>IPV-4 AND IPV-6</li>
<li>6 LoWPAN =IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><strong>Transport Layer (Heart of the OSI Model)</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>TCP :&nbsp; Connection oriented .Reliable</li>
<li>UDP (User Datagram Protocol) : Connection Less : UN Reliable</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong><strong>Application Layer</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>MQTT =Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol</li>
<li>HTTP = Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</li>
<li>CoAP = Constrained Application Protocol</li>
<li>DDS = Data Distribution Services</li>
<li>AMQP =Advance Message Queuing Protocol</li>
</ol>
<h3><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Major Components of IOT =5</strong></h3>
<ol>
<li>Things or device: Sensors and Actuators =Collect data and give to gateway</li>
<li>Gateway : Preprocessing of data =security</li>
<li>Cloud : Data Uploaded on server</li>
<li>Analytics : Algorithm applied =Machine Learning</li>
<li>User Interface : Monitor / Control the data</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Arduino Microcontroller:</strong></p>
<p>It&rsquo;s an empty mind brain. In Which using Arduino IDE software we can do coding and programming and upload on memory</p>
<p><strong>Arduino Platform: </strong></p>
<p>Developing electronic brain using hardware and software to control electronic devices.</p>